What was established by Congress in terms of judicial power?

The correct answer is the establishment of a federal court system, which was a critical development in the early structure of the United States government. In 1789, Congress enacted the Judiciary Act, which created a tiered federal court system, consisting of the Supreme Court at the top, followed by circuit and district courts. This structure allowed for a uniform interpretation of federal laws and provided a mechanism for resolving disputes that crossed state lines or involved federal law, ensuring that the judiciary could operate independently of the other branches of government.

Having a federal court system was essential for maintaining the rule of law and ensuring justice at a national level. It also helped to address the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, where a lack of federal judicial authority made it difficult to enforce laws and resolve conflicts. By establishing this framework, Congress solidified the role of the judiciary as an equal branch of government alongside the executive and legislative branches, thereby promoting a system of checks and balances vital to the functioning of American democracy.