What legislation established the Supreme Court and other federal courts in the United States?

The Judiciary Act of 1789 is the correct answer because it was the pivotal legislation that established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system within the United States. It laid down provisions for the Supreme Court and created lower federal courts, including district courts and circuit courts. This act enabled the federal judiciary to operate and enforce federal laws, thereby providing a framework for the judicial branch of the government as envisioned in the Constitution.

The act is significant as it set the number of justices on the Supreme Court and outlined their roles and responsibilities, establishing the foundation for how the judicial system would function. Other provisions of the act involved the management of court procedures and appeals, solidifying the role of the judiciary in the federal system of government. The Judiciary Act of 1789 not only organized the federal court system but also demonstrated the framers' intent to balance power among the branches of government by allowing the courts to interpret the laws passed by Congress and signed by the President.

Other options, such as the Federal Judiciary Act, Supreme Court Act, and Constitutional Courts Act, either do not correspond to any specific legislation passed in the early United States or refer to later reforms and changes in the court system. The Judiciary Act of 1789 stands as the foundational